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Paul von Lilienfeld
Paul von Lilienfeld ((ロシア語:Павел Фёдорович Лилиенфельд-Тоаль) Pavel Fedorovich Lilienfeld-Toal) ((フランス語:Paul de Lilienfeld)) (1829–1903) was a statesman and social scientist of imperial Russia.〔The (Bibliothèque nationale de France ) gives Lilienfeld’s date of birth as 1828 instead of 1829; 1829 may be found in ''e''.''g''. Capozzi (2004: 92), the (Library of Congress ), Reinert 2003: 7, (Philo 19 ), Лилиенфельд-Тоаль, Павел Фёдорович (Russian Wikipedia article), and Paul von Lilienfeld (German Wikipedia article).〕 He was governor of the Courland Governorate from 1868 till 1885. During that time, he developed his ''Thoughts on the Social Science of the Future'', first in Russian as ''Мысли о социальной науке будущего'' (Mysli o sotsial'noi naukie budushchego; 1872), and then in German as ''Gedanken über die Socialwissenschaft der Zukunft'' (1873–1881). Lilienfeld's thoughts, which he later articulated in compressed form in both French and Italian, laid out his organic theory of societies, also known as the social organism theory, organicist sociology, or simply organicism. He later became a senator in the Russian parliament, as well as vice-president (1896), then president (1897), of the Institut International de Sociologie (Institute of Sociology ) in Paris.
==Political career==
Capozzi (2004: 92) describes Lilienfeld as "a Russian functionary who occupied himself with sociology as a form of intellectual diversion,"〔Capozzi (2004: 92): "un funzionario russo che si occupa di sociologia come svago intellettuale."〕 while Ward (1897: 260, 264) refers to him as "Senator Lilienfeld," and Worms (1897: 657) qualifies him as a ''sénateur de l’Empire russe.'' Gerschenkron (1974: 435, footnote 24) calls him "a Balto-Russian," while Barberis (2003: 69) says he "descended from Swedish nobility, held important Russian judicial posts, was governor of Kurland for 17 years and ultimately became a senator of the Russian Empire." Lilienfeld, in fact, was governor of the Courland Governorate from 1868 till 1885, and in the same year in which he put out ''Social Physiology'' (1879), his brother, Baron Otto Friedrich von Lilienfeld, on either the 16th or the 22nd of May, founded a seaside town along the banks of the Saka River on Courland’s far western Baltic coast, naming it Paulshafen () after his sociologist sibling.〔(Pavilosta Regional Studies Museum ); (Pāvilosta - Pāvilostas Novadpētniecības muzejs ); Pāvilosta – Vikipēdija〕 Lilienfeld, who had studied at the Lycée Alexandre in Saint Petersburg,〔Лилиенфельд-Тоаль, Павел Фёдорович - Википедия〕 was awarded many honors in recognition for the services he performed for the empire; it would seem, however, that the aspect of his political career for which he felt most proud was his collaboration in the emancipation of Russia’s serfs (Worms 1903: 265).〔"M. Paul de Lilienfeld-Toal était issu d’une famille de vieille noblesse suédoise depuis longtemps au service de la Russie. Lui-même entra dans l’administration de cet empire et y fit une brillante carrière. Il fut gouverneur de la province de Courlande pendant dix-sept ans, puis se vit appelé au Sénat impérial, où il siégea durant de longues années et jusqu’à sa mort. Dans ces postes élevés, il sut concilier, avec son attachement à la dynastie, une honorable indépendance. Titulaire des distinctions les plus enviées de son pays, il préférait, aux grands cordons de ses multiples ordres, la simple médaille qu’il avait reçue, il y a bien longtemps, comme collaborateur de l’émancipation des serfs" (Worms 1903: 265).〕
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